Hardcover. $48.57 1 Used from $48.57. The Aesthetics of Pornography [Hardcover] Print length. 247 pages. Language. English. Publisher. Herder and Herder.A list of 176 films compiled on Letterboxd, including Harakiri (1962), Lolita (1962), Ruby Sparks (2012), Beginners (2010) and Antiviral (2012). About this list: This is the best thing I've ever done In progress! Pornography · Free PNGs, stickers, photos, aesthetic backgrounds and wallpapers, vector illustrations and art. High quality premium images, PSD mockups and templates all safe for commercial use.Is pornography within the coverage of the First Amendment? A familiar argument claims that it is not. This argument reasons that (1) the free speech principle protects the communication of ideas, which appeal to the reason (the major premise); (2) pornography communicates no ideas and appeals to the passions rather than the reason (the minor premise); (3) therefore pornography is not protected ...Kania, A. (2012). Concepts of pornography: Aesthetics, feminism, and methodology. In H. Maes & J. Levinson (Eds.), Art and pornography: Philosophical essays (pp. 254-276). Oxford University Press. This Contribution to Book is brought to you for free and open access by the Philosophy Department at Digital Commons @ Trinity. Pornographic Art and the Aesthetics of Pornography. What happens when art and pornography meet? By providing a plurality of disciplinary approaches and theoretical perspectives this essay collection will give the reader a fuller and deeper understanding of the commonalities and frictions between artistic and pornographic representations.The difference, they claim, is a contingent one, not a necessary one. The problem is that typical works of pornography ‘do not manifest any aspiration to excellence in their effort to instantiate characteristic features of art’ (181). Thus, art affords an ‘aesthetic stance’, whereas pornography does not. But this failure could be ...Nov 18, 2021 · This is where softcore pornography comes in—a.k.a. porn for people who want a little more sensuality and slightly less sex. Softcore porn was big in the '70s, '80s, and '90s, particularly back ... We've rounded up the many go-to sources for ethical porn — from audio erotica sites to women-produced porn like FrolicMe and Erika Lust's productions. Given that consumers pay for these adult ...Pornography · Free PNGs, stickers, photos, aesthetic backgrounds and wallpapers, vector illustrations and art. High quality premium images, PSD mockups and templates all safe for commercial use.Pornography is defined as “the depiction of erotic behavior (as in pictures or writing) intended to cause sexual excitement,”1 and it is obvious that pornography is an epidemic in our society. It is imperative that we as Christians understand this epidemic and equip ourselves to live righteously in its midst.To quote from David Bennet’s chapter, ‘aesthetic philosophers’ discussions of the art/pornography relationship often seem historically uninformed and politically naive – forgetful [that] the concepts of art and pornography have become thick with the grime of numerous, disparate, ideological, commercial, political and legal uses since ...Section II, "Pornography, Imagination, and Fiction", turns on whether pornography that is characterized by fictionalized or imaginative features as compared with more transparent pornography triggers sufficient pause for aesthetic consideration, thus possibly blurring the line between art and pornography to include, as art, some of what is ...Here, she defines erotic art as “the term that defines the degree of sexuality that is permissible within the category of the aesthetic.” 8 It is the intersection wherein sexual depictions are still woven in with beauty and form, rather than solely sexual works of pornography. It is the “borderline of respectability and non-respectability ...Aug 8, 2020 · We've rounded up the many go-to sources for ethical porn — from audio erotica sites to women-produced porn like FrolicMe and Erika Lust's productions. Given that consumers pay for these adult ... The Linked Data Service provides access to commonly found standards and vocabularies promulgated by the Library of Congress. This includes data values and the controlled vocabularies that house them. [18][19][20][21] Other women, however, report embarrassment or discomfort viewing pornography, 22 negative self-appraisals when comparing themselves to the women in pornography, 23,24 as well as ...This article explores the timeless debate around pornography and its deeper aesthetic and philosophical meanings. Tracing pornography's depictions of erotici... Although interesting, this text is guilty of once again assuming all pornography to be the same, and Nanay's analysis seems to add little to the discussions surrounding it. Overall, Art and Pornography is a very successful venture into a new region of aesthetics. It introduces its subject well, with Maes’ and Eaton's chapters providing useful ...A list of 176 films compiled on Letterboxd, including Harakiri (1962), Lolita (1962), Ruby Sparks (2012), Beginners (2010) and Antiviral (2012). About this list: This is the best thing I've ever done In progress!Aesthetic Photography People. Psycho Girl. Rrilyy. matching pfps. Matching Friend. Best Friend Couples. Best Friend Pictures Tumblr. Friend Pictures Poses. Cute ...Pornographic Art and the Aesthetics of Pornography. What happens when art and pornography meet? By providing a plurality of disciplinary approaches and theoretical perspectives this essay collection will give the reader a fuller and deeper understanding of the commonalities and frictions between artistic and pornographic representations.Jan 1, 1971 · Hardcover. $48.57 1 Used from $48.57. The Aesthetics of Pornography [Hardcover] Print length. 247 pages. Language. English. Publisher. Herder and Herder. Abstract. Jerrold Levinson conveniently summarizes the main argument of his essay "Erotic Art and Pornographic Pictures" in the following way:Erotic art consists of images centrally aimed at a certain sort of reception R1.Pornography consists of images centrally aimed at a certain sort of reception R2.R1 essentially involves attention to form ...A selection of the hottest free AESTHETIC porn movies from tube sites. The hottest video: Aesthetic big boobs brunette Mimi gets pleasure from dick-riding. And there is 4,344 more Aesthetic videos. Matthew Kieran - 1996 - Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism 54 (4):337-351. Erotic art and pornographic pictures. Jerrold Levinson - 2005 - Philosophy and Literature 29 (1):228-240. The Psychical Aesthetic Distance of Pornographic Apprehension. Bassam Romaya - 2000 - Philosophy and Theology 12 (2):317-340. pornography, a new aesthetic in its own right. Fashioning these images as modern adaptations of canonical works allowed artists such as Lawrence Alma-Tadema and Lord Frederick Leighton to create socially acceptable art. Personalities such as Oscar Wilde also worked to create a cult of aesthetic pre-eminence by creating new ideals in pornographic found: Oxford English dictionary online, Jan. 5, 2009 (pornography: the explicit description or exhibition of sexual subjects or activity in literature, painting, films, etc., in a manner intended to stimulate erotic rather than aesthetic feelings; printed or visual material containing this) Hans Maes - 2009 - Journal of Aesthetic Education 43 (3):pp. 107-116. Art and Pornography: Philosophical Essays, Edited by H. Maes and J. Levinson. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012, 344 Pp. Isbn 978‐0‐19‐960958‐1 Hb £35.The respectable pioneers of French photography, Auguste Belloc and Felix-Jacques Moulin for example, ran lucrative occult trades in pornography. Often these pictures were described as "artistic nudes" and were registered at the Bibliotheque Nationale as study materials for painters. Delacroix himself used Eugene Durieu's nude photographs.George P. Elliot has defined pornography as ‘the representation of directly or indirectly erotic arts with an intrusive vividness which offends decency without aesthetic justification.’ [6] This shows how some art critics feel strongly about pornography being strictly non-aesthetic as compared to art where its beauty is to be appreciated. A selection of the hottest free AESTHETIC porn movies from tube sites. The hottest video: Aesthetic big boobs brunette Mimi gets pleasure from dick-riding. And there is 4,344 more Aesthetic videos.Section II, "Pornography, Imagination, and Fiction", turns on whether pornography that is characterized by fictionalized or imaginative features as compared with more transparent pornography triggers sufficient pause for aesthetic consideration, thus possibly blurring the line between art and pornography to include, as art, some of what is ...Claims that pornography cannot be art typically depend on controversial claims about essential value differences (moral, aesthetic) between pornography and art. In this paper, I offer a value-neutral exclusionary claim, showing pornography to be descriptively at odds with art. I then show how my view is an improvement on similar claims made by ...This article takes P.J. Murphy’s Beckett’s Dedalus: Dialogical Engagement with Joyce in Beckett’s Fiction (2009) as a useful if incomplete platform from which to mark the intertextual points of contact between Samuel Beckett’s novel Watt (1953) and the aesthetics of epiphany articulated by Stephen Dedalus in James Joyce’s A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man (1917).A selection of the hottest free AESTHETIC porn movies from tube sites. The hottest video: Aesthetic big boobs brunette Mimi gets pleasure from dick-riding. And there is 4,344 more Aesthetic videos. Kania, A. (2012). Concepts of pornography: Aesthetics, feminism, and methodology. In H. Maes & J. Levinson (Eds.), Art and pornography: Philosophical essays (pp. 254-276). Oxford University Press. This Contribution to Book is brought to you for free and open access by the Philosophy Department at Digital Commons @ Trinity.Porn for women, [1] [2] women's porn [2] or women's pornography [3] is pornography aimed specifically at the female market, and often produced by women. [1] [2] It rejects the view that pornography is only for men, [2] [4] [5] and seeks to make porn that women enjoy watching instead of what is being offered in male-centric mainstream pornography. Citizen's Guide To U.S. Federal Law On Obscenity. 18 U.S.C. § 1460- Possession with intent to sell, and sale, of obscene matter on Federal property. 18 U.S.C. § 1461- Mailing obscene or crime-inciting matter. 18 U.S.C. § 1462- Importation or transportation of obscene matters. 18 U.S.C. § 1463- Mailing indecent matter on wrappers or envelopes.Jan 1, 2014 · Pornography refers to the "the explicit description or exhibition of sexual subjects or activity in literature, painting, pictures, books, films, etc., in a manner intended to stimulate sexual excitement rather than aesthetic feelings" (Oxford English Dictionary, 2008). [18][19][20][21] Other women, however, report embarrassment or discomfort viewing pornography, 22 negative self-appraisals when comparing themselves to the women in pornography, 23,24 as well as ...A selection of the hottest free AESTHETIC porn movies from tube sites. The hottest video: Aesthetic big boobs brunette Mimi gets pleasure from dick-riding. And there is 4,344 more Aesthetic videos. Often in today’s Western culture, pornography is considered to be “no big deal.” More and more people are routinely consuming more and more pornography, more varied and more extreme than ever before, all the while acclaiming pornography and defending it from censure. These responses are based on perceptions of the essence of pornography as an art form, a legitimate means to sexual ...Claims that pornography cannot be art typically depend on controversial claims about essential value differences (moral, aesthetic) between pornography and art. In this paper, I offer a value-neutral exclusionary claim, showing pornography to be descriptively at odds with art. I then show how my view is an improvement on similar claims made by ...Kania, A. (2012). Concepts of pornography: Aesthetics, feminism, and methodology. In H. Maes & J. Levinson (Eds.), Art and pornography: Philosophical essays (pp. 254-276). Oxford University Press. This Contribution to Book is brought to you for free and open access by the Philosophy Department at Digital Commons @ Trinity. Three points to note before beginning. First, in speaking of a pornographic aesthetic, or the aesthetics of pornography, I do not mean to imply that pornography is aesthetic in the sense of providing some experience of beauty, but rather in the sense of offering feeling or affect.Kania, A. (2012). Concepts of pornography: Aesthetics, feminism, and methodology. In H. Maes & J. Levinson (Eds.), Art and pornography: Philosophical essays (pp. 254-276). Oxford University Press. This Contribution to Book is brought to you for free and open access by the Philosophy Department at Digital Commons @ Trinity. Reply to Carroll: The artistic value of a particular kind of moral flaw. AW Eaton. The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism 71 (4), 376-380. , 2013. 22. 2013. Literature and Morality. AW Eaton. The Routledge Companion to Philosophy of literature, 433-450. The Linked Data Service provides access to commonly found standards and vocabularies promulgated by the Library of Congress. This includes data values and the controlled vocabularies that house them.Apr 17, 2014 · The difference, they claim, is a contingent one, not a necessary one. The problem is that typical works of pornography ‘do not manifest any aspiration to excellence in their effort to instantiate characteristic features of art’ (181). Thus, art affords an ‘aesthetic stance’, whereas pornography does not. But this failure could be ... Often in today’s Western culture, pornography is considered to be “no big deal.” More and more people are routinely consuming more and more pornography, more varied and more extreme than ever before, all the while acclaiming pornography and defending it from censure. These responses are based on perceptions of the essence of pornography as an art form, a legitimate means to sexual ...Here, she defines erotic art as “the term that defines the degree of sexuality that is permissible within the category of the aesthetic.” 8 It is the intersection wherein sexual depictions are still woven in with beauty and form, rather than solely sexual works of pornography. It is the “borderline of respectability and non-respectability ...A second scale, the Problematic Pornography Consumption Scale (PPCS), was used to evaluate problematic pornography use. It contained six factors: Conflict (“Watching porn prevented me from ...Abstract. Jerrold Levinson conveniently summarizes the main argument of his essay "Erotic Art and Pornographic Pictures" in the following way:Erotic art consists of images centrally aimed at a certain sort of reception R1.Pornography consists of images centrally aimed at a certain sort of reception R2.R1 essentially involves attention to form ... Kania, A. (2012). Concepts of pornography: Aesthetics, feminism, and methodology. In H. Maes & J. Levinson (Eds.), Art and pornography: Philosophical essays (pp. 254-276). Oxford University Press. This Contribution to Book is brought to you for free and open access by the Philosophy Department at Digital Commons @ Trinity.Feb 9, 2017 · Elevating porn's aesthetic value isn't Lust's only focus, either. With adult videos accounting for nearly one third of today's internet traffic—and with 87 percent of young men and 31 percent of ... A second scale, the Problematic Pornography Consumption Scale (PPCS), was used to evaluate problematic pornography use. It contained six factors: Conflict (“Watching porn prevented me from ...Aesthetic Photography People. Psycho Girl. Rrilyy. matching pfps. Matching Friend. Best Friend Couples. Best Friend Pictures Tumblr. Friend Pictures Poses. Cute ...Pornography refers to the "the explicit description or exhibition of sexual subjects or activity in literature, painting, pictures, books, films, etc., in a manner intended to stimulate sexual excitement rather than aesthetic feelings" (Oxford English Dictionary, 2008).Claims that pornography cannot be art typically depend on controversial claims about essential value differences (moral, aesthetic) between pornography and art. In this paper, I offer a value-neutral exclusionary claim, showing pornography to be descriptively at odds with art. I then show how my view is an improvement on similar claims made by ... Matthew Kieran - 1996 - Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism 54 (4):337-351. Erotic art and pornographic pictures. Jerrold Levinson - 2005 - Philosophy and Literature 29 (1):228-240. The Psychical Aesthetic Distance of Pornographic Apprehension. Bassam Romaya - 2000 - Philosophy and Theology 12 (2):317-340.Matthew Kieran - 1996 - Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism 54 (4):337-351. Erotic art and pornographic pictures. Jerrold Levinson - 2005 - Philosophy and Literature 29 (1):228-240. The Psychical Aesthetic Distance of Pornographic Apprehension. Bassam Romaya - 2000 - Philosophy and Theology 12 (2):317-340.George P. Elliot has defined pornography as ‘the representation of directly or indirectly erotic arts with an intrusive vividness which offends decency without aesthetic justification.’ [6] This shows how some art critics feel strongly about pornography being strictly non-aesthetic as compared to art where its beauty is to be appreciated. The difference, they claim, is a contingent one, not a necessary one. The problem is that typical works of pornography ‘do not manifest any aspiration to excellence in their effort to instantiate characteristic features of art’ (181). Thus, art affords an ‘aesthetic stance’, whereas pornography does not. But this failure could be ...George P. Elliot has defined pornography as ‘the representation of directly or indirectly erotic arts with an intrusive vividness which offends decency without aesthetic justification.’ [6] This shows how some art critics feel strongly about pornography being strictly non-aesthetic as compared to art where its beauty is to be appreciated.Official Post from YourFalseHope. YourFalseHope is creating content you must be 18+ to view. Are you 18 years of age or older?Aesthetic Profile Picture Cartoon Soft. Cute Anime Profile Pictures. 上官 夜羽 ... Amongst these discussed are particular examples of pornographic works of high aesthetic value; artworks inspired by pornography and sex; explicit art from ancient Rome and mediaeval Spain; differences between mainstream, feminist and gay pornography; and social attitudes to pornography and explicit art.Nov 18, 2021 · This is where softcore pornography comes in—a.k.a. porn for people who want a little more sensuality and slightly less sex. Softcore porn was big in the '70s, '80s, and '90s, particularly back ... Apr 17, 2014 · The difference, they claim, is a contingent one, not a necessary one. The problem is that typical works of pornography ‘do not manifest any aspiration to excellence in their effort to instantiate characteristic features of art’ (181). Thus, art affords an ‘aesthetic stance’, whereas pornography does not. But this failure could be ... Download Article. 1. Recognize and report child pornography. Any images that show a child under the legal age in your country fully unclothed or partially clothed, in a sexual manner or for a sexual purpose, or acting out sexually for any purpose, are called child pornography and are illegal. If you find illegal images of children, whether on ...1. There is no pornography in formalism because it is a theory that focuses on the formal properties of works of art. explanation. Pornography is often seen as lacking in formal properties, or at least as having properties that are of low artistic value. In contrast, formalism focuses on the formal properties of works of art, such as their ... aesthetic pornography’s Tweets. aesthetic pornography. @aestheticpornxx ...A selection of the hottest free AESTHETIC porn movies from tube sites. The hottest video: Aesthetic big boobs brunette Mimi gets pleasure from dick-riding. And there is 4,344 more Aesthetic videos. pornography, a new aesthetic in its own right. Fashioning these images as modern adaptations of canonical works allowed artists such as Lawrence Alma-Tadema and Lord Frederick Leighton to create socially acceptable art. Personalities such as Oscar Wilde also worked to create a cult of aesthetic pre-eminence by creating new ideals in pornographic This is where softcore pornography comes in—a.k.a. porn for people who want a little more sensuality and slightly less sex. Softcore porn was big in the '70s, '80s, and '90s, particularly back ...Jan 18, 2014 · Section II, "Pornography, Imagination, and Fiction", turns on whether pornography that is characterized by fictionalized or imaginative features as compared with more transparent pornography triggers sufficient pause for aesthetic consideration, thus possibly blurring the line between art and pornography to include, as art, some of what is ... found: Oxford English dictionary online, Jan. 5, 2009 (pornography: the explicit description or exhibition of sexual subjects or activity in literature, painting, films, etc., in a manner intended to stimulate erotic rather than aesthetic feelings; printed or visual material containing this) To quote from David Bennet’s chapter, ‘aesthetic philosophers’ discussions of the art/pornography relationship often seem historically uninformed and politically naive – forgetful [that] the concepts of art and pornography have become thick with the grime of numerous, disparate, ideological, commercial, political and legal uses since ...Building on the work of Hortense Spillers, Alexander Weheliye, Jennifer Christine Nash, and others, this essay argues that observers should understand countersubversive political reaction as an aesthetic project, a pornotropic fantasy that distorts underlying conditions of racial subjection.The Commission decided that pornography, particularly sado-masochistic pornography, stimulates, to say the least , sex crimes. One can argue- about this. There is a chicken and Fgg problem.Serbian soldiers them~ An-aesthetic Theory 203 selves have confirmed that pornography was frequently used during the rapes, to assist those who were having difficulty getting an erection. It is not difficult to see how one can progress from indifference to a woman's consent to arousal at her refusal, or see how the two at least intersect.Matthew Kieran - 1996 - Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism 54 (4):337-351. Erotic art and pornographic pictures. Jerrold Levinson - 2005 - Philosophy and Literature 29 (1):228-240. The Psychical Aesthetic Distance of Pornographic Apprehension. Bassam Romaya - 2000 - Philosophy and Theology 12 (2):317-340.found: Oxford English dictionary online, Jan. 5, 2009 (pornography: the explicit description or exhibition of sexual subjects or activity in literature, painting, films, etc., in a manner intended to stimulate erotic rather than aesthetic feelings; printed or visual material containing this)Jan 1, 1971 · Hardcover. $48.57 1 Used from $48.57. The Aesthetics of Pornography [Hardcover] Print length. 247 pages. Language. English. Publisher. Herder and Herder. This important volume is, above all, a critique of contemporary American culture directed most especially to society's confusion about art, beauty, and pornography, and its willingness to allow business to assert dominion over artistic impulse. ART, BEAUTY, AND PORNOGRAPHY is a searing commentary on the follies of our time as well as an ... 1. There is no pornography in formalism because it is a theory that focuses on the formal properties of works of art. explanation. Pornography is often seen as lacking in formal properties, or at least as having properties that are of low artistic value. In contrast, formalism focuses on the formal properties of works of art, such as their ...Pornographic Art and the Aesthetics of Pornography. What happens when art and pornography meet? By providing a plurality of disciplinary approaches and theoretical perspectives this essay collection will give the reader a fuller and deeper understanding of the commonalities and frictions between artistic and pornographic representations.Explore a hand-picked collection of Pins about aesthetics on Pinterest. Abstract. The chapter aims to bring debates in feminist philosophy and philosophy of art closer together, and to discuss central topics of contention in the aesthetics of pornography. It considers three themes: the fictionality of pornography, whether pornography and art are mutually exclusive, and what (if anything) is morally objectionable ... But, unlike pornography, it doesn't appeal exclusively to our senses or carnal appetites. It also engages our aesthetic sense, our judgment about how this or that figure illustrates an ideal of ...
Contemporary Aesthetics and the Problem of Pornographic Art 4. Erotic Art vs Pornography: Beyond Aesthetics 4.1 Erotic Art, Art History, and the Cultural History of Pornography 4.2 Erotic Art, Feminist Theory, and Objectification 5. Further questions Bibliography Painting, Sculptures, and Photographs Referenced Literature and Films Referenced. Cruising gaysex
Often in today’s Western culture, pornography is considered to be “no big deal.” More and more people are routinely consuming more and more pornography, more varied and more extreme than ever before, all the while acclaiming pornography and defending it from censure. These responses are based on perceptions of the essence of pornography as an art form, a legitimate means to sexual ...Samuel Hazo - 2021 - Renascence 73 (4):259-265. Pornography has been defined as sex separated from personality. In other words, life’s deepest need to express desire and affection and perpetuate the species is reduced to appetite and the satisfaction of appetite. War in many ways does the same.Aug 8, 2020 · We've rounded up the many go-to sources for ethical porn — from audio erotica sites to women-produced porn like FrolicMe and Erika Lust's productions. Given that consumers pay for these adult ... found: Oxford English dictionary online, Jan. 5, 2009 (pornography: the explicit description or exhibition of sexual subjects or activity in literature, painting, films, etc., in a manner intended to stimulate erotic rather than aesthetic feelings; printed or visual material containing this) Claims that pornography cannot be art typically depend on controversial claims about essential value differences (moral, aesthetic) between pornography and art. In this paper, I offer a value-neutral exclusionary claim, showing pornography to be descriptively at odds with art. I then show how my view is an improvement on similar claims made by ... Apr 17, 2014 · The difference, they claim, is a contingent one, not a necessary one. The problem is that typical works of pornography ‘do not manifest any aspiration to excellence in their effort to instantiate characteristic features of art’ (181). Thus, art affords an ‘aesthetic stance’, whereas pornography does not. But this failure could be ... 7. XConfessions. On XConfessions, acclaimed filmmaker Erica Lust turns two user-submitted confessions, real life stories or fantasies into short erotic films,with lovely production values, fleshed ...Apr 17, 2014 · The difference, they claim, is a contingent one, not a necessary one. The problem is that typical works of pornography ‘do not manifest any aspiration to excellence in their effort to instantiate characteristic features of art’ (181). Thus, art affords an ‘aesthetic stance’, whereas pornography does not. But this failure could be ... found: Oxford English dictionary online, Jan. 5, 2009 (pornography: the explicit description or exhibition of sexual subjects or activity in literature, painting, films, etc., in a manner intended to stimulate erotic rather than aesthetic feelings; printed or visual material containing this)Jan 1, 1993 · Speaking the Unspeakable. : This book studies the literary and cinematic functions of the pornographic as a development from a poetics of obscenity. It focuses on the developments of French, British, and American artistic pornography since the eighteenth century. Discussing female literary figures including Hall, Wharton, Nin, "Reage," Jong ... It’s a kind of animated pornography that depicts fictional children getting down with fictional child diddlers. Like DDLG — the kink/aesthetic that sexualizes the style and behavior of young girls, but on adults — it feels a little too close to actual pedophilia to sit right with many people, but doesn’t cross the line of involving ...Abstract. Jerrold Levinson conveniently summarizes the main argument of his essay "Erotic Art and Pornographic Pictures" in the following way:Erotic art consists of images centrally aimed at a certain sort of reception R1.Pornography consists of images centrally aimed at a certain sort of reception R2.R1 essentially involves attention to form ....